Federalism

   Residuary Powers :

Matters which are not included in the division of powers , are known as Residuary Powers.

 It was felt that there can be subjects which are not mentioned in either of these lists.

The central government has been given the power to legislative on these residuary subjects.

 

  (2).    Three tier system:

As discussed earlier under a Federal government different tiers of government govern the same citizens.

This is true for Indians.

In India We have a three tier system of government i.e.,

  .     Union Government

  .      State Government

  .      Local Self Government 


(3).  Not equal powers to all administrative units:

Most of the federation that are formed by Holding together  do not give equal powers to its constituent units.

All states in the Indian Union   do not have identical powers .
Some states enjoy a special status.

Jammu and Kashmir has its own Constitution.

Many provisions of the Indian Constitution are not applicable to this state without the permission of the state assembly.

Indians who are not permanent residents of this state cannot buy land or house here.

Similar special provisions exist for Assam and hill states  of North East India.

There are some units of Indian Union which enjoy very little power.
These are the areas which are too small to become an Independent state  but which could not be merged with any of the existing states.

These are areas , like Chandigarh, or Lakshadweep or capital city of Delhi, are called  Union Territories.

These Territories do not have the powers of a state.
Union territories are ruled directly by the Central Government.


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